Think Like an Attacker

Penetration testing (pentesting) is authorized hacking — simulating real attacks to find vulnerabilities before malicious actors do.

Instead of waiting to be breached, you hire someone to try to breach you first.

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The Pentesting Mindset

Attacker	Defender
Needs ONE way in	Must protect EVERYTHING
Has unlimited time	Has limited budget
Can be creative	Must follow rules

Pentesters adopt the attacker mindset within ethical and legal boundaries.

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Types of Penetration Tests

By Scope

Type	What’s Tested
Network	Infrastructure, servers, devices
Web Application	Websites, APIs
Mobile	iOS/Android apps
Social Engineering	Human vulnerabilities
Physical	Building access, hardware

By Knowledge

Type	Tester Knowledge
Black Box	No prior information
Gray Box	Some information (typical user access)
White Box	Full information (source code, diagrams)

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The Pentesting Phases

1. Reconnaissance → 2. Scanning → 3. Exploitation → 4. Post-Exploit → 5. Report
```python

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## Phase 1: Reconnaissance

Gather information before attacking.

### Passive Reconnaissance

No direct interaction with target:

```bash
# WHOIS lookup
whois example.com

# DNS records
dig example.com ANY

# Search for subdomains
# Google: site:example.com

# Harvesting emails
theHarvester -d example.com -b google
```text

## Active Reconnaissance

Direct interaction:

```bash
# Port scanning
nmap -sV -sC target.com

# Web technology fingerprinting
whatweb target.com
```diff

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## Phase 2: Scanning & Enumeration

Find vulnerabilities to exploit.

### Port Scanning

```bash
# Quick scan
nmap -F target.com

# Full TCP scan
nmap -p- target.com

# Service version detection
nmap -sV -p 80,443 target.com
```text

## Vulnerability Scanning

```bash
# Web vulnerability scanner
nikto -h http://target.com

# Template-based scanner
nuclei -u http://target.com
```bash

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## Phase 3: Exploitation

Actually break in.

### Common Web Attacks

- SQL Injection
- XSS (Cross-Site Scripting)
- Authentication bypass
- File inclusion

### Common Network Attacks

- Password attacks
- Exploiting unpatched services
- Man-in-the-middle

### Tools

| Tool | Purpose |
|------|---------|
| **Burp Suite** | Web proxy, scanner |
| **Metasploit** | Exploitation framework |
| **SQLMap** | Automated SQL injection |
| **Hydra** | Password brute-forcing |

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## Phase 4: Post-Exploitation

What can you do once inside?

- Escalate privileges
- Move laterally to other systems
- Access sensitive data
- Plant persistence mechanisms
- Document everything (you're authorized, but you need to report what you did)

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## Phase 5: Reporting

A pentest is useless without a good report.

### Report Structure

```markdown
# Executive Summary
Brief overview for leadership

# Scope and Methodology
What was tested, how

# Findings
## Critical
### Finding 1: SQL Injection in Login
- Location: /login endpoint
- Risk: Critical (data breach)
- Evidence: [screenshot]
- Remediation: Use parameterized queries

## High
...

# Remediation Roadmap
Prioritized fix plan

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Legal Considerations

Always get written authorization before testing.

Without it, you’re committing crimes:

• Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (US)
• Computer Misuse Act (UK)
• Similar laws worldwide

Scope Agreement Must Include

• What systems/networks are in scope
• What methods are allowed
• Testing window (dates/times)
• Point of contact
• Emergency procedures

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Practice Exercises

Exercise 1: Recon Practice (Beginner)

Practice passive recon on your own domain or a bug bounty target:

1. WHOIS lookup
2. DNS enumeration
3. Subdomain discovery

Exercise 2: Vulnerable Lab (Intermediate)

Set up a vulnerable practice environment:

• OWASP WebGoat
• DVWA (Damn Vulnerable Web App)
• HackTheBox (online)

Exercise 3: Your First Report (Advanced)

After testing a lab, write a pentest report with:

• Executive summary
• Findings with evidence
• Remediation recommendations

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Knowledge Check

1. What is penetration testing?

2. What’s the difference between black box and white box testing?

3. Why is written authorization critical?

4. What are the five phases of a pentest?

5. Why is the report important?

Answers

1. Authorized simulation of real attacks to find vulnerabilities before malicious actors do.

2. Black box: No prior knowledge. White box: Full information (source code, architecture).

3. Legal protection. Without authorization, hacking is a crime even with good intentions.

4. Recon, Scanning, Exploitation, Post-Exploitation, Reporting.

5. Findings without remediation are useless. The report communicates risks and fixes to stakeholders.

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Summary

Phase	Goal
Recon	Gather information
Scanning	Find vulnerabilities
Exploitation	Gain access
Post-Exploit	Demonstrate impact
Reporting	Communicate findings

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What’s Next?

• OWASP Top 10 - What to look for
• Network Security - Infrastructure testing